Dame Professor Sarah Gilbert (b.1962) is a vaccinologist and current Professor of Vaccinology at the University of Oxford.

Gilbert graduated from the University of Hull in 1986 with a PhD in Biochemistry and worked as a Research Scientist for a number of companies, including the Brewing Research Foundation. In 1994 she joined Dr Adrian Hill's team at the Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, as a Senior Molecular Biologist. She became a lecturer at the University in 1999 and was appointed Reader in Vaccinology in 2004. Since 2006 she has worked in roles at the Jenner Institute, including as a member of the Management Committee and as the lead for the Institute's influenza vaccine programme. In 2016 she co-founded the biotechnology company Vaccitech, which was re-named Barinthus Biotherapeutics in November 2023.

Gilbert specialises in the development of viral vectored vaccines and has worked on the creation of vaccines against conditions including Tuberculosis, MERS, and influenza. In 2020 Gilbert was a leading figure in the team of scientists from Oxford University's Jenner Institute and the Oxford Vaccine Group who developed the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. As of January 2022, the UK government reported that the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine had been distributed to over 170 countries and 2.5 billion doses of the vaccine had been administered worldwide. For her work on the development of a COVID vaccine, Gilbert has received a number of awards, including a DBE, a Princess of Asturias Award for Technical & Scientific Research, and an Albert Medal from the Royal Society of Arts. In 2023 she became a Fellow of the Royal Society.